Pharma & Specialty Chemical Standards

Atovaquone (IUPAC: 2,4-Dihydroxy-3,5-dinitrobenzene-1,2,4,5-tetracarboxylic acid 1,2-anhydride; molecular formula C₁₆H₁₄N₂O₆, molecular weight 330.30 g/mol) is a hydroxynitrobenzene derivative with a quinone core. Structurally, it features hydroxyl, nitro, and carboxylic acid anhydride functionalities. Therapeutically, it treats Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia and toxoplasmosis. It is a yellow, crystalline solid with low water solubility and high lipophilicity. Mechanistically, it inhibits the mitochondrial cytochrome bc₁ complex in parasites, disrupting electron transport and ATP synthesis. Its redox activity and lipophilicity enhance cellular uptake and efficacy against intracellular pathogens.